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TDS Rules on VDAs u/s 194S of the Income Tax Act, 1961

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TDS Rules on Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) u/s 194S of the Income Tax Act, 1961,

Crypto & Income Tax in India (Post July 1, 2022) :

TDS is Advance tax collected by exchanges like ZebPay on behalf of the Government. TDS deducted on On every sale or transfer of Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) from July 1, 2022. & TDS Rate: 1% of transaction value (Section 194S, IT Act). TDS on crypto transactions is mandatory as per Income Tax Act. For Example:

Sell 1 BTC = INR 20,00,000
Fees (0.5%) = INR 10,000
Net value = INR 19,90,000
TDS (1%) = INR 19,000
Final amount = INR 19,71,000

Applicability of Section 194S :

From July 1, 2022, Cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and other digital assets notified by the government and Rate of TDS on Virtual Digital Assets :

- 1% of the transaction value
- 20% if PAN is not furnished
No TDS before 1 July 2022. But 30% tax applies on profits from 1 April 2022. Who deposits TDS i.e. Exchange (e.g., ZebPay) deposits to Government of India. & same is Reflected in Form 26AS., TDS certificates provided by exchange.
Why 5% TDS instead of 1% : If you haven’t filed ITR for last 2 FYs → you fall under Section 206AB → TDS @ 5%.
How to check TDS bracket (1% or 5%) : Verify your status on the Income Tax e-filing portal. Where is 1% TDS applicable?
- Sell Crypto-INR pairs
- Crypto-Crypto trades (since one coin is sold to buy another)
- Withdrawals to third-party accounts
- Not on buying Crypto-INR or INR deposits/withdrawals

Threshold Limits for TDS on Virtual Digital Assets : Threshold for TDS is

INR 10,000 per year (normal users)
50,000 per year (specified persons, like individuals with turnover below tax audit limit) However, exchanges deduct TDS on every trade. Refund/adjustment possible in ITR.
Specified Persons: TDS applies if aggregate value of transactions exceeds INR 50,000 in a financial year & Others: TDS applies if aggregate value exceeds INR 10,000

Specified Person includes:

Individuals/HUFs with no business/professional income
In case Individuals/HUFs with business turnover ≤ INR 1 crore
Individuals/HUFs with professional receipts ≤ INR 50 lakh

Difference between TDS & 30% tax on gains :

TDS (1%) → Deducted on each sale/transfer. It’s adjustable against final tax liability.
Tax on gains (30% + surcharge + cess) → Payable on net profits at the time of filing ITR.

When and Who Deducts TDS on Virtual Digital Assets

TDS must be deducted at the time of payment or credit, whichever is earlier
Buyer is responsible for deducting TDS in peer-to-peer transactions
Exchange deducts TDS if transaction is routed through it
In case of brokers, responsibility may be shared or delegated via agreement

Special Cases in case of Virtual Digital Assets

Crypto-to-Crypto Trades: TDS applies on both legs of the transaction
Transfers in Kind: TDS must be deducted and paid before releasing consideration
No TAN Required: Specified persons are exempt from needing a TAN
TDS on special cases

- Crypto Earn products: No TDS
- Airdrops: TDS applied only when sold
- Pending orders before July 1, 2022: Cancelled and need re-placement

Can TDS be avoided or reduced?

- No exemptions under Section 194S.
- Lower deduction certificates not valid here.
- Only exemption: if yearly transactions < INR 10,000 (normal) / INR 50,000 (specified).
- Refund can be claimed while filing ITR.

How to claim TDS refund/credit? : By Adjust against total tax liability or claim refund in ITR filing. Shown in Form 26AS.

Virtual Digital Assets -Reporting & Compliance

Form 26Q: For general reporting
Income tax Form 26QE: For specified persons
Form 26QF: For exchanges reporting quarterly transactions
Income Tax Form 16A: TDS certificate issued to deductee

Non-Compliance Penalties in case Virtual Digital Assets non compliance

Penalty under Section 271C: Equal to the amount of tax not deducted
Prosecution under Section 276B: Possible imprisonment and/or fine

Recent Updates (FY 2025–26) on Virtual Digital Assets

Schedule VDA introduced in ITR forms for crypto reporting
Exchanges must submit detailed reports to ensure compliance

Crypto transactions and ITR returns: Line-wise reporting of crypto transactions in ITR rather than cumulative reporting

Crypto Reporting in ITR

Importance of line-wise reporting of crypto transactions in Income Tax Returns (ITR) rather than cumulative reporting. Why Line-Wise Reporting Matters- Line-wise reporting of crypto transactions in ITR : Many taxpayers report crypto transactions cumulatively, which can lead to incorrect tax calculations. The infographic shows that each transaction should be reported individually to accurately compute the taxable gain or loss. Example Breakdown- Line-wise reporting of crypto transactions in ITR

Crypto	Date of Sale	Date of Purchase	Sale Consideration	Cost of Acquisition (COA)	Gain/Loss	Taxable Gain
A	21-03-2025	09-03-2025	INR 11,000	INR 10,000	INR 1,000	INR 1,000
B	23-12-2024	25-01-2023	INR 8,550	INR 9,000	-INR 450	-INR 450
C	23-12-2024	24-12-2023	-INR 105,000	-INR 100,000	-INR 5,000	-INR 5,000
D	25-07-2024	27-01-2018	INR 12,600	INR 12,000	INR 600	INR 600

Correct Taxable Gain Calculation- Line-wise reporting of crypto transactions in ITR

Cumulative Gain (incorrect method): INR 1,000 – INR 450 – INR 5,000 + INR 600 = INR 6600
Actual Taxable Gain (line-wise method): INR 1,000 + (-INR 450) + (-INR 5,000) + INR 600 = INR 7440

This discrepancy arises because losses and gains must be treated individually, especially when considering short-term vs long-term capital gains, and set-off rules under the Income Tax Act.

ITR Reporting Tips for crypto transactions in ITR

Taxpayer must Report each transaction separately with Date of purchase and sale, Sale consideration, Cost of acquisition, Gain or loss
Use appropriate ITR forms (usually ITR-2 or ITR-3 depending on your income sources).
Maintain detailed records of all crypto trades.
Classify gains correctly:
- Short-term if held < 36 months
- Long-term if held ≥ 36 months (though crypto is usually treated as short-term unless notified otherwise)

Legal obligation- Bottom Line is crypto transactions reporting

- All Indian residents must comply → evading TDS is unlawful.
- Crypto decentralization ≠ exemption from Indian tax laws.
- Every crypto sale/transfer = 1% (or 5%) TDS.
- All profits = 30% tax (plus surcharge & cess).
- File ITR to claim credit/refund of deducted TDS.